Integrating Ecosystem Services into Climate Change Policy: A Framework for Sustainable Land Use

Abstract

Ecosystem services (ES) — the benefits that humans derive from natural ecosystems — are essential for sustaining livelihoods and enhancing climate resilience. However, climate change policy frameworks often fail to systematically integrate ES, particularly in developing countries like Pakistan where the interplay between land use, climate impacts, and socio economic vulnerability is acute. This article presents a conceptual and operational framework for integrating ES into national climate change policy and sustainable land use planning. Drawing on theoretical constructs of ecosystem service valuation, climate mitigation and adaptation strategies, and case studies from Pakistan and comparable nations, the framework emphasizes policy coherence, cross sectoral governance, spatial planning tools, and participatory approaches. The framework aims to improve climate resilience, biodiversity conservation, and equitable access to ecosystem benefits while aligning with Pakistan’s National Climate Change Policy objectives. The study underscores the need for evidence based decision making, capacity building, and institutional coordination.