Transforming Urban Waste Management Through Technology: IoT Applications and Policy Implications

Abstract

Rapid urbanization in Pakistan has exacerbated municipal solid waste challenges, straining collection systems and creating environmental and public health risks. This article examines how Internet of Things (IoT) technologies can transform urban waste management by enabling data-driven collection, optimized routing, real-time monitoring of bin fill-levels, and enhanced resource allocation. It integrates technological considerations with regulatory and policy implications specific to Pakistan’s institutional context, highlighting barriers such as limited funding, interoperability deficits, and capacity constraints. Drawing on case studies, pilot projects, and international best practices, we propose a policy framework for phased IoT adoption that emphasizes standards, public–private partnerships, community engagement, and financing mechanisms. The article concludes with recommendations for scaling IoT-enabled waste systems to improve operational efficiency, environmental outcomes, and urban livability in Pakistani cities.