Real-Time Monitoring and Route Optimization for Waste Collection Using IoT in Pakistan

Abstract

This paper investigates an integrated Internet of Things (IoT)-based system for real-time monitoring and route optimization of municipal solid waste (MSW) collection in Pakistan’s urban environments. The proposed framework combines sensor-equipped smart bins, low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) connectivity, GPS-enabled collection vehicles, and a cloud-based analytics platform to dynamically optimize collection routes, reduce operational costs, lower greenhouse gas emissions, and improve service levels. We evaluate system performance through simulations and a pilot deployment scenario using realistic urban parameters for Pakistani cities. Results indicate potential reductions in total distance traveled and fuel consumption by 20–35% compared to fixed-route schedules, and improved bin overflow incidents by over 70%. The study discusses technical, economic, and social implementation challenges specific to Pakistan and proposes policy recommendations for scalable roll-out.